Cartography and Chronometry

Why do you need to know?

Spatial Resolution

What spatial resolution do we want?

What determines Spatial Resolution?

Why can’t we just collect data from more/smaller voxels?

K – Space Revisited

How large are functional voxels?

How large are anatomical voxels?

Costs of Increased Spatial Resolution

T2* Blurring

Partial Volume Effects

Matching fMRI and electrophysiology

High Spatial Resolution fMRI: Ocular Dominance Columns

Early examples of ocular dominance

Reliability of Ocular Dominance Measurements

Effects of Stimulus Duration on Spatial Extent of Activity

Example: Ocular Dominance

Slide 19

Example: Visual System

Temporal Resolution

What temporal resolution do we want?

Basic Sampling Theory

Slide 24

Aliasing

Sampling Rate in Event-related fMRI

Costs of Increased Temporal Resolution

Frequency Analyses

Phase Analyses

Why do we want to measure differences in timing within a brain region?

Timing Differences across Regions

Slide 32

Timing of mental events measured by fMRI

Slide 34

Slide 35

Width of fMRI response increases with duration of mental activity

Linearity of the Hemodynamic Response

Linear Systems

Scaling (A) and Superposition (B)

Linear and Non-linear Systems

Possible Sources of Nonlinearity

Effects of Stimulus Duration

Boynton et al., 1996

Slide 44

Slide 45

Differences in Nonlinearity across Brain Regions

SMA vs. M1

Caveat: Stimulus Duration ≠ Neuronal Activity Duration

Refractory Periods

Dale & Buckner, 1997

Slide 51

Methods and Analysis

Hemodynamic Responses to   Closely Spaced Stimuli

Refractory Effects in the fMRI Hemodynamic Response

Refractory Effects across Visual Regions

Slide 56

Figure 2

Refractory Effect Summary

Using refractory effects to study cognition: fMRI Adaptation Studies

Neuronal Adaptation

Slide 61

Is the refractory effect attribute specific?

Slide 63

Overall Summary